The Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, is the foundational sacred text of Judaism, comprising the Torah (Law), Nevi’im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings), and is traditionally studied in its original Hebrew (with some portions in Aramaic). Its textual transmission was governed by the Masoretes between roughly the 7th and 10th centuries, who standardized spelling, vocalization, and cantillation to preserve precise reading traditions. This meticulous scribal culture shaped the transition to print, beginning with late 15th-century editions in Italy, such as those produced by the Soncino family, and culminating in Daniel Bomberg’s influential 16th-century Venetian printings, which fixed the layout, chapter divisions, and Masoretic notes still used today. Subsequent publishing history reflects both continuity and adaptation: Hebrew Bibles were printed across Europe and the Ottoman world, later expanding in the 18th and 19th centuries with improved typefaces, scholarly editions, and mass production, balancing reverence for textual accuracy with the possibilities of modern publishing.